What is a temporary restraining order?
A temporary restraining order is an order that is issued at the beginning or during the legal proceedings for a limited period of time. The purpose of temporary restraining orders is to preserve the status quo. So that the legal process will not be in vain. At the conclusion of the legal process, a temporary restraining order can become a permanent restraining order, or alternatively, the validity of the restraining order can expire.
צו מניעה זמני קבוע בתקנה 109 לתקנות סדר הדין האזרחי, תשע"ט – 2018, אשר קובעת כך:
The court may order the respondent to refrain from doing or refrain from adding or doing, himself or through someone on his behalf, any action, if it is satisfied that there is a reasonable fear that failure to grant the order will materially hinder the proper execution of the judgment.
For example: A certain person wants to sell an apartment. An unknown person claims that he is actually the owner of the apartment, and has a dispute with a certain person on this matter. An unknown person can go to court and request a temporary injunction, even before the investigation of the lawsuit is completed, which will prohibit a certain person from selling the apartment until the investigation of the legal dispute between them is completed.
If an unknown person does not request a temporary restraining order, a certain person will sell the apartment, and then the entire process between a certain person and an unknown person will be conducted in practice for nothing, because at the end of the process it will become clear that the apartment has already been sold to a third party.
The Supreme Court has emphasized in many rulings that if a temporary injunction is sought whose purpose is to change an existing situation (and not to preserve an existing situation), then in most cases the request will be denied. כך לדוגמה נקבע בעמ"מ 7143/15 יובל זמר נ' הוועדה המקומית לתכנון ובניה חוף השרון:
Most temporary reliefs, of their various types, are intended primarily to maintain the existing situation, which may change if the temporary relief is not granted. (אורי גורן סוגיות בסדר דין אזרחי 908 (מהדורה אחת עשרה, 2013), להלן: גורן סוגיות בסדר דין אזרחי). בענייננו, מתן צו המניעה לו עותר המבקש לא יביא ל"הקפאה" של המצב החוקי שהיה קיים עובר להגשת הערעור. מערכת הנסיבות השוררת כעת בשטח היא שמלאכת בניית המפעל, שהחלה זה מכבר, נמשכת ומתקדמת מכוח היתר שניתן עוד בפברואר 2015. קבלת הבקשה למתן צו מניעה משמעה הקפאה, הלכה למעשה, של ההיתר שניתן להקמת המפעל, ולכן יש לראותה כמעין Order made Which means a change in the status quo has now begun.
באופן דומה נקבע על ידי בית המשפט העליון בעניין צו מניעה זמני, כך (רע"א 1379/16 מראון נופי נ' סאמי נופי):
Furthermore, although this is a restraining order, in this matter it appears that this is a temporary relief that will lead to our granting To change the current situation, since it will create in practice, even if temporarily, a new arrangement between the parties. It is known that the court will grant temporary relief that would change the existing situation only in exceptional cases, and this is not the case.
In what cases will a temporary restraining order be granted?
In order to obtain temporary injunctions, the court must be convinced that there is a chance that the claim will be accepted and that there is sufficient prima facie evidence of the existence of the cause of action within the framework of the Civil lawsuit.
The court It will also examine the necessity of the remedy for achieving the goal, whether the remedy is required to maintain an existing situation, and whether it is necessary at an early stage of the legal process.
The court will also examine the balance of convenience (which of the parties may be harmed more if the order is granted or not granted), considerations relevant to good faith, and whether there was a delay in filing the application.
Recently, the conditions for granting a temporary injunction, including relevant legal literature and binding Supreme Court rulings, were well summarized in the decision of the Petah Tikva Condominium Supervisor (Case No. 6/458/2021):
The Normative Framework – Temporary Injunction
תכליתם של סעדים זמניים מוסברת בתקנה 94 לתקנות סדר הדין האזרחי, התשע"ט-2018 (להלן: "Installations") הקובעת כי "The purpose of the interim relief is to ensure a prima facie right during the legal process and the proper and effective conduct of the process or the proper execution of the judgment.".
In accordance with the provisions of the regulations, when the trial court decides to grant temporary relief, it will have the following considerations in mind: The chances of the lawsuit and its existence Sufficient evidence apparently The existence of the cause of action; the necessity of the temporary relief to achieve the goal, including the fact that the relief is required to maintain the existing situation and that it is necessary at an early stage, before the investigation of the claim (Rule 95(b) and (c)); Examination The balance of comfort and considerations of honesty, including Good faith The parties, both regarding the procedure and the request, including concrete reference to the delay (Rule 95(d)(3)).
כלומר, בהכרעה בבקשה למתן סעד זמני יש לשקול שלושה שיקולים עיקריים: הראשון, קיומה לכאורה של עילת תביעה, כאשר די בכך שהערכאה הדיונית תשתכנע כי התובענה מעלה לכאורה שאלה רצינית ואיננה בגדר תביעת סרק; השני הוא מאזן הנוחות שבו ייבדק הנזק שעשוי להיגרם למבקש אם לא יינתן הסעד הזמני לעומת הנזק שייגרם למשיב אם יינתן הסעד הזמני וכן נזק שעלול להיגרם לצד שלישי; השלישי, הוא שיקול שביושר ובצדק (ראו רע"א 645/21 So-and-so v. So-and-so, in paragraph 4 (Nevo, 21.2.2021); Uri Goren Issues in Civil Procedure, page 711 (13th edition, 2020).
יצוין כי התיקונים שנעשו בפרק הסעדים הזמניים במסגרת התקנות, הם ברובם תיקונים נקודתיים ושינויי נוסח בלבד. הסיבה לכך היא שבמסגרת תיקון מספר 6 של התקנות הישנות משנת 2001 תוקן פרק הסעדים הזמניים באופן נרחב. (רע"א 1556/21 מיכאל (מיקי) עירון נ' עו"ד אלרן שפירא בר-אור, בפסקה 13 (נבו, 22.04.2021); יששכר רוזן-צבי, הרפורמה בסדר הדין האזרחי: מורה נבוכים, 24 (2021)),
ומשכך הפסיקה שהתייחסה לתקנות בנוסחן הקודם, עודנה רלבנטית גם לתקנות הקיימות וקובעת, בין היתר, כי בין שני השיקולים הראשונים (עילת תביעה ומאזן הנוחות) מתקיים "מקבילית כוחות", וכך ככל שהערכאה הדיונית תתרשם כי סיכויי המבקש לזכות בתביעתו גבוהים, תפחת הדרישה בדבר מאזן הנוחות ולהיפך (רע"א 343/21 אליהו יפרח נ' רשות מקרקעי ישראל, בפסקה 8 (נבו, 09.05.2021); רע"א 7396/16 גרין נט מחזור וטיפול בפסולת בע"מ נ' עיריית ירושלים (נבו, 22.11.2016); רע"א 8734/13 עבדאללה נ' מדינת ישראל רשות מקרקעי ישראל (נבו, 21.1.2014); רע"א 706/09 קופת חולים מאוחדת נ' המרכז הכירורגי ירושלים (נבו, 10.3.2009)).
עוד נקבע כי גם השיקול השלישי (יושר וצדק) עשוי להכריע את הכף על אף התנאים האחרים (ר' רע"א 6658/09 מולטילוק בע"מ נ' רב בריח תעשיות בע"מ (פורסם בנבו, 12.1.2010); רע"א 6685/17 הר של הצלחה וברכה בע"מ נ' בנק הפועלים בע"מ (Nevo (10.9.2017).
יש להדגיש, כי על המבקש, בכל מקרה, לעמוד ברף מינימאלי בנוגע לכל אחד מן התנאים בנפרד, שאם לא כן, לא יינתן לו הסעד זמני (רע"א 2826/06 שלמה אליהו אחזקות בע"מ נ' ישעיהו לנדאו אחזקות (1993) בע"מ (Nevo, 20.4.2006)).
When should a temporary restraining order be requested?
A temporary restraining order must be requested immediately or very close to the date on which it becomes known that the restraining order is actually necessary. If the request for the order is filed with a delay, the court may reject the request for this reason (the reasoning may be that the request for the order is rejected because the delay indicates that the remedy is not truly necessary, otherwise the party would have immediately applied to the court).
In conclusion
A temporary restraining order is Temporary relief Which can be requested at the beginning or during the legal proceedings in order to preserve the status quo. This order must be requested immediately or as soon as you discover that it is needed. Failure to submit a request for the order on time may lead to its rejection, if only for this reason.
The court will grant a request for a temporary restraining order only when there is good and sufficient evidence to support your claims. Without good evidence, the request may be denied.
Frequently Asked Questions Regarding Temporary Restraining Order
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Is it possible to request and obtain a temporary restraining order in every lawsuit?
No. There are legal proceedings that do not allow for obtaining orders of this type, for example in a small claims case. Also in the context of an application for approval Class action lawsuit It would be quite difficult to obtain such an order.
For this reason, an injured party who wishes to obtain such an order submits Financial claim To the Magistrate's Court or the District Court. -
How long does it take to get a temporary restraining order?
These are very urgent requests and are therefore usually decided within a very short time (in some cases almost immediately). If the request was decided almost immediately, it is likely that the court decided it based on the applicant's arguments alone (temporary order), and therefore will shortly schedule a hearing in the presence of the parties to discuss the request again so that the respondent's arguments can be heard.
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What is the difference between a temporary restraining order and a temporary injunction?
Order made Its purpose is to change an existing situation. An injunction aims to preserve an existing situation.
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What is height? Lawyer's fees Acceptable for obtaining a temporary order?
The amount of the fee in these cases depends greatly on the complexity of the issue, as well as the degree of urgency. In most cases, requests for a temporary order will not be less than a fee of thousands of shekels, and in many cases even more.
