What is a temporary foreclosure?
A temporary lien is a temporary remedy (similar to other remedies such as injunction or Order made) prohibiting a person or entity against whom a temporary seizure order has been requested from performing any action with funds, movable property, real estate or anything else requested under the order. The purpose of the order is to ensure that the person against whom the order has been requested does not flee the funds or assets, all with the aim of ensuring that no unnecessary legal proceedings are conducted.
It is very important to consult with a lawyer who is familiar with the issue of garnishment orders to examine the possibility of taking this procedure against the relevant person or company, in order to ensure your rights.
In some cases, if a temporary attachment order is not requested and a legal proceeding is conducted from beginning to end, at the end of the proceeding the plaintiff may discover that the defendant has smuggled out his assets and the plaintiff will not be able to recover from him. For this reason, in most cases such an order is requested ex parte (without the defendant's knowledge).
Temporary attachment is not only common in legal proceedings conducted in court, but also in enforcement proceedings. The significant difference between temporary attachment during the conduct of a lawsuit and temporary attachment carried out in enforcement proceedings is that when a temporary attachment is imposed in enforcement proceedings, there is already a presumption that the defendant owes money to the plaintiff. When proceedings are conducted in court, it has not yet been proven that the defendant owes money to the plaintiff, and therefore obtaining the order is a more complex task in court than in enforcement.
You can request a temporary seizure order on funds, salary, bank account, vehicle, movable property, real estate, etc. This is a very useful legal tool and one needs to know how and when to use it when necessary. It is also possible to demand Foreclosure of the debtor's property held by a third party.
By virtue of which legal provision can a temporary seizure order be obtained in court?
ניתן לדרוש צו עיקול זמני מכוח תקנה 103 לתקנות סדר הדין האזרחי, תשע"ט – 2018, אשר קובעת, בין היתר, כך:
(a) In a claim for a sum of money, the court may impose a temporary seizure on assets of the respondent in his possession or in the possession of the applicant or in the possession of a holder, and in a claim for a thing in kind, the court may order the seizure of the claimed property, And all this if he is convinced that there is a reasonable fear that failure to issue the order will materially hinder the execution of the judgment.
(b) If a property that was seized is converted into collateral of the respondent or a third party, this provision shall apply to the collateral.
(c) If the court has issued a seizure order on real estate, the court shall order a note to be recorded in the land register, and the applicant shall notify the land registrar thereof.
This regulation states that a temporary seizure order can be requested within the framework of Financial claim And the court may impose the order on the person who requested it or against those who requested the order or a third party (for example: a bank, employer, National Insurance, etc.).
A temporary lien order on real estate will be accompanied by the registration of a warning note so that it will not be possible to sell the real estate and if anyone is interested in purchasing the real estate, they will also see that there is a lien on the real estate.
If the lien was imposed on the defendant's/debtor's assets that are held by a third party, notice must be given to that third party (for example: a bank).
Regulation 106 states as follows:
Temporary attachment in favor of a plaintiff who won his lawsuit
If the plaintiff wins his claim, the temporary attachment will continue to be in effect until the judgment is executed or until otherwise ordered by the court; in the judgment, the court may give instructions regarding the temporary attachment and award expenses in connection with it.
That is, after the judgment is rendered, the order is not revoked but continues to be in effect. Otherwise, after the order is revoked, the defendant will flee his assets even before enforcement proceedings are initiated against him (if he does not comply with the judgment).
Conditions for obtaining a temporary seizure order
לא בכל מקרה ניתן לקבל צו עיקול זמני. בית המשפט העליון קבע באילו תנאים יעתר בית משפט לבקשה לקבלת צו שכזה (ראו לדוגמה: רע"א 7076/17 פלוני נ' אלמוני, החלטה מיום 22.10.2017):
ואף מעבר לנדרש, גם לגופו של עניין לא מצאתי כי נפל פגם בהחלטת בית המשפט המחוזי. בהתאם להוראות תקנה 362 לתקנות סדר הדין האזרחי, התשמ"ד-1984 (להלן: תקנות סדר הדין האזרחי), על המבקש Temporary relief להציג ראיות מהימנות לכאורה לקיומה של עילת תביעה וכן לשכנע את בית המשפט כי מאזן הנוחות נוטה לטובתו וכי הבקשה הוגשה בתום לב ומתן הסעד צודק וראוי. עוד לפי התקנה האמורה, מבקש הסעד הזמני נדרש להציג ראיות לכאורה ל"קיום התנאים המפורטים בהוראות המיוחדות בפרק זה, הנוגעים לסעד הזמני המבוקש", וההוראה הרלוונטית לעניינו קובעת כי The applicant for a temporary attachment order must also convince the court that there is a reasonable fear that failure to grant the order will hinder the execution of the judgment. (Rule 374(b) of the Civil Procedure Regulations).
As for the apparent existence of a cause of action, it is sufficient for the court to be convinced that the claim apparently raises a serious question and is not a Irrelevant claim On her face (וראו למשל: רע"א 3569/10 בעניין אלו עוז בע"מ). כפי שציין בית המשפט המחוזי בהחלטתו, אין מקום להכריע במחלוקות העובדתיות שבין הצדדים במסגרת בקשה לביטול צו עיקול. עם זאת, מן הנספחים שצירף המשיב לבקשתו (נספחים 32-33 לתביעה; נספחים 14-15 לבקשה למתן צו עיקול זמני) עולה כי בשלב מסוים, לכל הפחות, הסכימו הנתבעים לשלם למבקש סך של 11,250,000 ש"ח.
This fact, combined with the content of the fee agreement signed between the applicant and the respondent, according to which the respondent is entitled to receive 25% of any amount that the applicant receives, and in the event that the legal treatment is terminated, the respondent is entitled to the full fee that the respondent would have received if he had been able to complete his work, is sufficient to convince the court that the respondent He met the burden placed on him to prove the existence of a cause of action for damages.
ובאשר "ליסוד ההכבדה"A review of Appendix 5 to the respondent's request for a temporary attachment order reveals that despite his statement that his financial situation is excellent as stated, the applicant himself admitted that his financial situation does not allow him to pay amounts that are much lower than the amount of the claim. Therefore, there is a reasonable concern on its face regarding the respondent's ability to collect the substantial amount of the claim, should he ultimately win his claim. In this regard אף נפסק כי לצורך הוכחת "יסוד ההכבדה" אין צורך להוכיח כוונה ברורה להברחת נכסים, ולעתים גובה סכום התביעה כשלעצמו עשוי להיות אות לקיומה (וראו: רע"א 7513/06 גב ארי פיתוח והשקעות בע"מ נ' גייר [פורסם בנבו] (29.1.2007)).
Also as for For the balance of comfort It was found that it was not biased in favor of the applicant. The seizure was imposed only on shares registered in the applicant's name, And it does not appear that he will suffer much harm as a result of the said seizure.This result is even more pronounced in light of the applicant's own claims that his financial situation is excellent. Therefore, even assuming that the applicant is indeed not acting to smuggle his assets, the balance of convenience tilts in favor of the respondent.
בפסק דין של בית המשפט המחוזי שניתן לאחרונה (ת"א 59484-08-21 דוד אפנג'ר נ' שירה כהן לוי, החלטה מיום 10.10.2021) נפסק בעניין עיקול זמני כך:
בהתאם לתקנה 95 לתקנות החדשות, בדומה לתקנה 362 לתקנות סדר הדין האזרחי התשמ"ד–1984 (להלן: "התקנות הישנות"), על מבקש העיקול לשכנע את בית המשפט כי קיימות ראיות מספקות (מהימנות – בתקנות הישנות) לכאורה להוכחת עילת התביעה.
In addition, The person requesting the seizure must convince the court that not granting the seizure order will be a real burden on him. (כך בנוסח תקנה 103 לתקנות החדשות, בה הוספו המילה "באופן ממשי" שלא היו בתקנות הישנות) to exercise his right if his claim is accepted. The basis of the consideration is examined against the background of the individual circumstances of each case, taking into account, among other things, the amount of the claim, the financial capacity of the defendant, and the fear, if any, of his smuggling of assets. The rule is that the consideration that must be proven in a request for temporary attachment is lower than the consideration that must be proven in requests for other temporary relief.
In order to prove this element, it is not necessary to prove a clear intent to smuggle assets, and sometimes the amount of the claim itself may be a sign of the existence of the honor. (See: Yaakov Shaked, The new civil procedure (הוצאת בורסי, מהדורה שנייה, תשפ"א), עמ' 519 והאסמכתאות שם).
If a factual basis has been established that raises reasonable concerns regarding the question of honor, then it is appropriate to examine the expected harm to the defendant as a result of granting the interim relief and considerations of fairness. (כיום בתקנה 95(ד)(1) לתקנות החדשות, בהתאם להלכה בעבר, ראו: רע"א 5841/11 אקסלרוד נ' בנק מזרחי (פורסם בנבו, 20.09.11)).
Cancellation of temporary seizure order
A person or entity against whom a temporary seizure order has been issued may file a petition at any stage and request that the order be canceled. It should always be remembered that a temporary seizure is issued out of concern that the person against whom the order has been issued will not be able to pay at the end of the procedure or that there is a concern that he will flee the assets. Therefore, when filing a petition to cancel the order, the court must be convinced, Attached to an affidavit, שלא תתקיים שום "הכבדה" ביחס למי שביקש את הצו ושהצו לא נחוץ.
The District Court's ruling mentioned above ruled in this matter as follows:
As stated, in addition to examining the prospects of the procedure, the element of respect and the balance of convenience must also be examined. In this regard, חרף טענות המשיבה בבקשת העיקול, בדבר קשיים כלכליים ותזרימיים וחרף טענותיה באשר ליסוד ההכבדה, המבקשים לא שללו טענות אלו בבקשתם לביטול העיקול. כל שנטען בעניין זה, היה אודות "שרשרת פיגוע כלכלי" ו"אסון בלתי הפיך" שהעיקול עתיד להביא על המבקשים, וגם דבר זה לא נתמך בתצהירו של המבקש, שלמעשה לא טען דבר בעניין ההכבדה בתצהירו. גם הטענה לחובות של מיליונים נוספים לאנשים נוספים, בכלל זה גם לאחות המשיבה, לא נסתרה ולא הוכחשה על ידי המבקש.
המבקש ציין בחקירתו בבית המשפט כי אינו יודע כמה כסף עוקל באמצעות צווי העיקול שהוטלו, ובתשובה לשאלה כמה כסף יש בחשבונות הבנק, והאם ייתכן שיש בהם 10 מיליון ₪ והעיקולים אינם מכבידים על המבקשים, השיב לב"כ המשיבה "תבדוק". After he finished his testimony, he shouted from his seat that nothing was on the record. In this way, not only were the claims regarding the element of respect not dismissed, but they were strengthened.
From this example, it can be seen that in a request to cancel a seizure order, one cannot be vague but must be precise in the data, and convince the court that there is no benefit to the seizure order, and that not only does it not help the person who requested the seizure, but it also burdens and harms the person against whom the seizure was imposed.
Naturally, if the person requesting the seizure has mentioned some fact in his application that the seizure is necessary, the person seeking to cancel the seizure must address this fact. Ignoring this fact may be received negatively by the judge, and the judge may understand that the person requesting the cancellation ignored this specific fact because it is true and he has nothing to say about it.
Frequently Asked Questions Regarding a Temporary Foreclosure Order
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Is it easy to get a temporary restraining order?
Not necessarily.
The court must be convinced that there is a factual and legal basis for the request, and that the order is necessary because without it, it is possible that at the end of the proceedings the person requesting the order will not be able to enforce the judgment. For example: If a temporary seizure order is not issued on the defendant's funds, he will flee the funds and it will not be possible to repay him at the end of the proceedings. -
Is a temporary attachment order limited in time or will it be in effect until the end of the legal proceedings?
Depends on the court's decision.
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Can a temporary seizure order be imposed only on the defendant's funds or also on third-party funds?
It's possible to do both.
For example: It is possible to impose a lien on the funds that come to the defendant from his employer. The lien is carried out at the employer's. There must be a connection between the funds that are with a third party and the defendant. -
How much do the services of a lawyer cost regarding a temporary seizure order?
The cost varies from case to case, depending on its complexity and the urgency of the matter. Usually, the fee is at least thousands of shekels. Sometimes even more.
